電影起源英文

⑴ 幫忙找電影發展史的英語版本，萬分感謝

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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⑵ 什麼是電影

電影: diàn yǐng
1. movie
2. film
一種綜合藝術，用強燈光把拍攝的形象連續放映在銀幕上，看起來像實在活動的形象。

從有聲電影到現在 已經發展到了科技的時代 運用大量的電腦特級 製作出來的電影 受廣大中年以下的朋友歡迎

電影起源
電影資料庫
「電影的史前史幾乎和它的歷史一樣長」作為現代科學技術的產物，電影的誕生，確實經歷了歐洲國家中許多的科學家、發明家，甚至模仿者的漫長的實驗過程。他們在對運動的光學幻覺所進行的科學探索與實驗，在時間上，可以追溯到19世紀初。但人類對於「光影理論」的認識與應用，便可以從2000多年前的中國講起。據文字記載公元前五世紀，墨子關於「光至景（影）亡」的學說，則是人類對「光學理論」的最早、最科學的貢獻。而產生於漢武帝時期，並在唐宋以後廣為流傳的「燈影戲」，則是對「光學理論」的最初、最樸素的應用與實踐。13世紀「燈影戲」傳入中東、歐洲、東南亞等地，這便產生了以後的「幻燈」「走馬燈」等形象的、運動的視游戲。電影正是起源於這些視學娛樂游戲之中。至於電影的發明所依據的科學技術、物理學原理，則主要有以下三個方面。

《大英網路全書•電影史部分》，開篇第一句話。

一百年前人們這樣看電影

讓我們穿越時光，回到一個世紀前的中國電影院。那是些狹小的茶館、茅亭、布篷，簡易的銀幕上，影像猶如大雨落下般搖曳不定……

■電影來到中國，第一個亮相處是雅緻的徐園

電影出生不久，便漂洋過海來到中國。第一個落腳地是上海，在上海的第一個亮相處則是徐園。1896年8月10日到14日，《申報》連續刊登了徐園的電影廣告：「西洋影戲客串戲法，定造新樣奇巧電光焰火……陳設各種古玩，異果奇花，群芳譜曲，以助雅興。」
徐園到底是何模樣？電影在上海著胎的第一驛到底是何般景緻？在清宣統元年（1909年）出版的《圖畫日報》上，筆者找到了一段對於徐園的介紹：「徐園又名雙清別墅，為浙絲商徐棣三君之別業。初在老閘唐家弄，雖地只三畝有奇，而花木扶疏，亭台曲折……今遷新閘義袋角康腦脫路五號，布置悉乃其舊。而園址已寬至五畝有餘。園主刻為棣三先生之喆嗣貫雲凌雲二君，精書畫嫻吟詠……洋場十里中有此一園，殊足撲去俗塵三斗也。」
電影除了在收費的諸如徐園這樣的游藝場所里放映，也可以在臨時搭蓋的茅亭里找到蹤影。當時人們把這樣的夜遊之地稱為「夜花園」：「上海之有夜花園，非近歲始矣，溯自西人研究衛生，每當夏秋之交，禁止遊人在各花園夜遊後，知有利而不知有害者，乃紛紛在租界之界限附近搭蓋茅亭數座，藉供暑夜遊客憩息，並假以花園為名，除售茶酒之外，並雇灘簧影戲等一切玩意以廣招徠。」
看來，在20世紀之初的上海仲夏夜，已經有露天電影的放映活動了。那時片子的內容「無非是一艘大輪船，自煙波浩渺中開來，越開越近。看到乘客的活動，熙熙攘攘，上上下下……又有所謂滑稽片，也無非是一個闖禍者逃跑，人們和警察一起追，闖禍者在慌急中撞倒了行路人，撞翻了小販的貨攤等等。禍越闖越大，行人和小販協助追拿。終於把這闖禍者抓到，這闖禍者做出許多醜怪憐相，觀眾為之哈哈大笑，認為很是滑稽，帶著滿意的心情離場而去，讓第二場觀眾再來賞奇涉勝。」
電影還會在一種半流動的臨時撐起的布篷里上演：「放映電影設在臨時搭建的大布篷里，幾條長板凳，觀眾納幾個銅元，即為入幕之賓。那些長凳，安置在泥礫地上，高低不平，坐著很不舒適。時間長一些是吃不消的。幸而都是短片。一下便完了。」

■藏污納垢的青蓮閣，影戲喧嘩，熱鬧異常

電影放映地點還有茶樓，而最有代表性的是四馬路的青蓮閣。因為這里是電影大亨、西班牙人雷瑪斯租下一間房、第一次放電影的地方，一個遠近聞名的集賭場、妓院和幫會活動於一體的地方。
青蓮閣原名華總會茶樓，分為上下兩層。樓上是喝茶的地方，樓下則是各種游藝活動場所，而且不收入門費。「什麼幻燈片，西洋鏡，打彈子，珍禽異獸，高矮畸形人等，可謂五花八門，供人參觀，生意很盛。」
這繁華之處便是電影放映商雷瑪斯發家的地方，他慧眼獨具，選中了這個地段熱鬧，人流量大，交通便利的茶樓作為營業地點。不過程步高在回憶錄中對青蓮閣的評價並不高尚：「青蓮閣是流氓世界，青蓮閣是人肉市場，青蓮閣是個鬼地方，青蓮閣是茶樓，是游樂場，其實是個藏污納垢之處，是個罪惡的淵藪。九教三流，地痞流氓，幫會弟兄，巡捕暗探，互通聲氣，互爭進賬。」
據說，當年雷瑪斯在這個地方放映電影自有一套經營策略：「他在青蓮閣樓下租賃了一間小房作為放映室，掛起照片，貼出廣告，又雇了幾個印度人，穿著花花綠綠的衣服，在門口拿著喇叭、銅鼓大吹大擂。放映電影時，還不時地撩開放映室的門簾以招徠顧客。電影每場十五分鍾，一部機器放映，換片要停幾分鍾。每天放映好幾場，果然賺了大錢。」

電影原理

一、視覺滯留

「使一塊燃燒著的木炭在被揮動時變成一條火帶，這種現象曾被古時的人們發現過」但是，將這種視覺現象同電影的發明聯系起來，卻是19世紀的事情。1829年，比利時著名的物理學家約瑟夫·普拉托為了進一步考察人眼耐光的限度，以及對物象滯留的時間，他曾一次長時間對著強烈的日光凝目而視，結果雙目失明。但他發現太陽的影子卻深深地印在了他的眼睛裡。他終於發現了「視覺滯留」的原理。即：當人們眼前的物體被移走之後，該物體反映在視網膜上的物象不會立即消失，會繼續短暫滯留一段時間。實驗證明，物象滯留的時間一般為0.1-0.4秒。與此同時，在歐洲的物理學教科書和物理實驗室中，也開始採用「法拉第輪」的原理和圖畫「幻盤」旋轉的視覺研究。它們向人類表明，人眼視覺的生理功能可以將一系列獨立的畫面組合起來，成為連續運動的視象。19世紀30年代，詭盤、走馬盤、輪車盤、活動視鏡和頻閃觀察器等視覺玩具相繼出現。其基本原理大同小異，即在能夠轉動的活動視盤上畫上一連串的圖像，而當視盤轉動起來時那些呆滯的、無生命的圖象便運動起來，活靈活現。此後，奧地利人又將幻燈和活動視盤相結合，使繪制的靜止的圖畫投影在銀幕上，製作出活動幻燈，形成了早期動畫。然而，到了本世紀60年代，電影理論家和教育家對「視覺滯留」的問題提出了新的疑義，他們發現銀幕上的全部運動現象實際上是跳躍的、不連貫的，但觀眾卻意識到那是一個統一、完整的動作連續。由此證明，真正起作用的不是「視覺滯留」，而是「心理認可」。

二、攝影術

攝影術同樣產生於19世紀的歐洲。1839 年，法國人達蓋爾根據文藝復興以後在繪畫上的小孔成像的原理，並使用化學方法，將形象永久地固定下來，「達蓋爾照相法」產生。意識面前，已經不可能滿足於靜止的、精美的、單幅照片了，而是幻想著有一天能夠將它們相互聯系起來，忠實地復制形象動作和自然空間的物質實現。1872 年，最先將「照相法」運用於連續拍攝的，是攝影師愛德華·幕布里奇。他曾在 5年的時間里，多次運用多架照相機給一匹正在奔跑的馬進行連續拍攝的實驗，並於1878年獲得成功。這位天才的攝影師將24架照相機排成一行，當馬跑過的時候，照相機的快門就被打開，馬蹄、騰空的瞬間姿態便被依次地拍攝下來。為此，愛德華•幕布里奇獲得了「拍攝活動物體的方法及裝置」的專利權。 1882年，法國人馬萊利用左輪手槍的間歇原理，研製了一種可以進行連續拍攝的「攝影槍」。此後他又發明了「軟片式連續攝影機」。終於以一架攝影機開始取代了幕布里奇用一組照相機拍攝活動物體的方法。在歐洲，這…時期許多國家中的科學家、發明家們也都研製了不同類型的攝影機。其中，美國的托馬斯·愛迪生和他的機械師狄克為了使膠片在攝影機中以同樣間隔進行移動，而發明了在膠片兩邊打上孔洞的牽引方法，解決了機械傳動的技術問題。「活動照相」的「攝影術」得以完成。

三、放映術

1888年，法國人愛米爾·雷諾發明了「光學影戲機」，人們開始可以幕布上看到幾分鍾的活動影戲，比如《可憐的比埃》。
1895 年盧米埃兄弟向大眾展現火車進站的畫面時，觀眾被幾乎是活生生的影像嚇得驚惶四散。從此，由他們所啟動的活動攝影（cinematogrphy）不只在人類紀實工具的發展史上展現了劃時代的意義，火車進站的鏡頭也象徵了電影技術發展的源起。

電影發明

你若問美國電影界的人，他們會異口同聲地回答：「是愛迪生發明的。」但你如果去問法國人，他們則會說：「是盧米埃！」那麼誰才是電影真正的發明者呢？答案：兩個人都是！根據記載：在1888年，愛迪生開始研究活動照片，而當伊斯曼發明了連續底片後，愛迪生立刻將連續底片買回來，請威廉甘乃迪和羅利狄克生著手進行研究。到了第二年的十月，迪克生提出研究的結果，他將之拍攝成會活動的馬，這就是電影史上最早攝影的成功。成功之後的迪克生，繼續埋首更深的研究，一八九〇年，他用能活動的圖片申請到專利，這些活動圖片每秒鍾能拍四十張，這就是現代影片的鼻祖。一八九一年，托馬斯·阿爾瓦·愛迪生申請影像映出管和攝影裝置的專利權，這是「西洋鏡」電影的鼻祖。托馬斯·阿爾瓦·愛迪生發明「西洋鏡」電影的想法是，由於西洋鏡一次只能由一個人去」窺看」，藉著人們的好奇心，如此便可以增加利益，於是這種電影在一時間非常流行。不久，托馬斯·阿爾瓦·愛迪生又創造了世界最早的攝影棚，大有助於電影的發展。起初，在歐洲，也有人在對這些活動照片作研究。一八九五年，倫敦有兩位名叫巴德艾卡和R.W.保羅的人，把初步的攝影棚改良後，在大庭廣眾之前舉行表演。同時間，在法國有兩位名叫路易盧米埃和奧古斯特盧米埃的兄弟，他們將照片映射在布幕上，因而吸引了大批好奇的觀眾。放映電影就此展開序幕。盧米埃兄弟接著巴黎工業獎勵學會上試映了一部名叫「盧米埃工廠了大門」影片，同年十二月，在巴黎布辛奴街「大咖啡館」的地下大廳，正式公開上映十二部影片，並出售門票。同年九月，在美國亞特蘭大所舉行的世界博覽會，放映這種射映式影片時，也出售門票。如此可知，早在電影產生的同時，就已和營利結下了不解之緣。

電影放映形式

超大銀幕電影：採用70毫米的電影放映技術，因其銀幕巨大而稱超大。其銀幕高度為21米，寬度為30米，相當於七層樓的高度。銀幕之大而成為世界之罕見。它具有畫面穩定、清晰、色彩還原正常等特點，銀幕上景物真實而恢宏的場面，給人以美的欣賞與動的感受，隨著遠近鏡頭的推拉，將把您帶入富異國情調的美麗的大自然之中。

動感球幕電影：廳採用70毫米放映設備，半球形銀幕趲直徑達18米，觀眾觀看電影時，整個畫面布滿球體，視而不銀幕邊緣，透射型的金屬銀幕，六聲道的立體聲效果，使觀眾享受變化萬千，栩栩如生的萬千氣象。影廳內的動感平台，是集液壓、電器自動化控制、計算機動畫為一體的高科技系統工程，當您坐在平台載體上，整個載體能上下升降，左右傾斜，前後俯仰，即可摸擬航天器去邀游太空，也可摸擬潛水器，飽覽海底世界的奇特景象，隨著逼真的畫面和平台載體的活動，讓人不由自主的進入角色，造成十分真實和驚險刺激的特殊感覺，球幕動感電影填補了國內空白。

水幕電影：與一常規電影完全不同。它是利用高壓水泵通過特製的噴頭，將水自下而上噴出，使水霧化並形成扇面形銀幕。此銀幕與自然界的夜空連成一片，人物出入畫面，忽而騰起飛向天空，忽而又從天而降，產生一種虛幻縹緲的感覺，似海市蜃樓。目前，水幕電影在我國還很少見。

環幕電影：環幕電影也稱360度圓周電影，廳內呈圓形周邊是由九塊銀幕組成一個環形銀幕，由九台放映機同時放映，觀眾觀摩時，站在圓周中心位置，前瞻後矚，左顧右盼，目不暇接，畫面景象壯觀，氣勢磅礴，加上多聲道立體聲效果，一種身臨其境的強烈感覺，將呈現在您的面前。

立體電影：是利用光學原理與人眼的視差相配合產生的一種奇特的空間影像和立體效果，當您戴上特製的偏光眼鏡，就會感到銀幕上的一切景物和大自然一樣，存在著遠近前後不同距離，有的景物近在眼前，似乎垂手可得，當某一物體朝你快速推進，你會感到物體猛地向頭部襲來，使你大吃一驚。

p2p網路電影：隨著互聯網的發展，P2P作為一種新興的網路電影播放形式，以其速度快，少緩沖，人越多越不卡的優點成為廣大網友所喜歡的一些電影播放形勢，網路中的電影播放形式又叫在線電影，讓你足不出戶就可以在網路的海洋里，看到你所想看到的電影。

電視劇

電視劇：[拼音：dianshiju] [英文：television play ]
一種專為在電視機熒屏上播映的演劇形式。它兼容電影、戲劇、文學、音樂、舞蹈、繪畫、造型藝術等諸因素，是一門綜合性很強的藝術。電視劇是一種適應電視廣播特點、融合舞台和電影藝術的表現方法而形成的藝術樣式。一般分單本劇和系列劇（電視影集）。

電視劇是隨著電視廣播事業的誕生而發展起來的。在這幕後有一定的推動作用致使一些電視劇網站孕育而生如 http://www.dobuo.com 比較典型的分類電視劇在線觀看網站很受大眾的喜愛！

電視劇類型
國內外有3種類型的電視劇：

① 電視戲劇。主要是按舞台劇的法則創作的電視劇，帶有濃郁的戲劇藝術特色；
②電視電影（亦稱電視影片）。基本上是按蒙太奇技巧攝制的電視劇；
③狹義的電視劇。主要是根據面對面交流的特點和「引戲員」的結構方式製作的電視劇。還有許多電視劇兼取幾類之長，難以明顯歸入哪一類。 由於製作電視劇的物質材料（攝象機和錄象磁帶）、傳播媒介（電視屏幕）以及欣賞方式（以家庭式為主）等方面的特殊性，使這種藝術樣式具有以下的特性：①由於電視屏幕的面比電影銀幕小得多，因而，在電視劇中一般都盡量少用全景和遠景，大多採用中、近景和特寫。特寫鏡頭不但在電視劇中頻繁出現，而且延續的時間幅度也大。它在電視劇中除有突出和強調作用外，還是敘述劇情的重要手段。②電視劇中語言因素佔有重要地位。由於面對面交流的特點和特寫的大量運用，使得對白和獨白的作用大大加強，一些電視劇還經常採用第一人稱的自敘方式，本身就像是一段長長的獨白。電視劇的這種敘述方式，在家庭環境中顯得親切感人。③電視劇特別適於揭示人物的內心活動，展示人物內在思想感情的變化。有人認為，電視劇是對「生活的轉播」。熒屏與觀眾之間的距離空前縮小，因而對演員的表演提出一些特殊的要求，如力求生活化、朴實而自然，切忌舞台表演中動作與聲調的放大和誇張，需要較為本色的表演和即興式的創作，才能給人以「生活自身形態」的感覺。又由於電視劇欣賞方式（家庭式）的特點，使它的篇幅靈活自由，可以有10多分鍾的電視小品，也可以有長達幾集甚至幾十集的電視連續劇。 中國第一座電視台——北京電視台（中央電視台的前身）在 1958年5月1日開始播出，同年6月15日，即播放了中國第一部電視劇《一口菜餅子》。1958～1966年，僅北京電視台就播放了幾十部直播電視劇。「文化大革命」使電視劇的發展陷於停頓。1976年後，中國電視劇取得長足的進步，1985年年產電視劇一千多部，其中有許多上乘之作，如單本劇《新岸》、《新聞啟示錄》、《走向遠方》等，連續劇《武松》、《今夜有暴風雪》、《尋找回來的世界》、《四世同堂》等。

按地域分類

1套·熱門電影
2套·韓國電視劇
3套·歐美電視劇
4套·台灣偶像劇
5套·香港電視劇
6套·日本電視劇
7套·國產電視劇
8套·動漫卡
9套·綜藝文教
10套·海外電視劇
11套·MTV音樂

⑶ 電影的英文單詞是什麼

漢語解釋：電影，是由活動照相術和幻燈放映術結合發展起來的一種連續的視頻畫面，是一門視覺和聽覺的現代藝術，也是一門可以容納悲喜劇與文學戲劇、攝影、繪畫、音樂、舞蹈、文字、雕塑、建築等多種藝術的現代科技與藝術的綜合體。那麼，你知道電影的 英語單詞 是什麼嗎?

中文： 電影[diàn yǐng]

電影的英文 ：film; movie; cinema; motion picture; cine;

電影的英文例句：

今天晚上飛機上會放映電影嗎?

Will you be showing a movie in flight this evening? 女生版聲音 男生版聲音

他們還舉辦展覽會或放映電影。

They also set up exhibitions or showed films. 女生版聲音 男生版聲音

早期放映電影的地方

The early film showing venues 女生版聲音 男生版聲音

1. The criticisms will not stop people flocking to see the film. 批評的聲音不會阻止人們涌到影院觀看這部 電影 。

2. Originally released in 1957, the film was remade as "The Magnificent Seven". 這部 電影 最早在1957年上映，後被翻拍為《七俠盪寇志》。

3. She acted in her firstfilm when she was 13 years old. 13歲時她出演了她的 電影 處女作。

4. The movie sees Burton psychoanalysing Firth to cure him of his depression. 在 電影 中伯頓對弗思進行了精神分析，想要治癒他的抑鬱症。

5. The film starts off realistically and then develops into a ridiculous fantasy. 電影 以寫實開頭，然後卻發展成為荒誕的幻想。

6. Working with Ford closely, I fell in love with the cinema. 與福特的密切合作開始令我愛上了 電影 。

7. Contemporary African cinema has much to offer in its vitality and freshness. 當代非洲 電影 在活力和新穎性上頗足稱道。

8. The film takes no position on the politics of Northern Ireland. 這部 電影 未在北愛爾蘭政治問題上選擇站邊。

9. The scriptwriter helped him to adapt his novel for the screen. 編劇幫助他將其所著小說改編成 電影 。

10. You will wake to find film crews camped in your backyard. 一覺醒來，你會發現 電影 攝制組進駐了你家後院。

11. It's ideal for people who like a sloppy movie. 對於喜歡傷感 電影 的人來說，這部影片再合適不過了。

12. Was he going to show the film? Was it in colour? 他會放那部 電影 嗎?是彩色的嗎?

13. I didn't see that my career as a film-maker was going anywhere. 我發現我作為 電影 製片人的職業沒有什麼發展前途。

14. During the filming, Curtis fell in love with his co-star, Christine Kaufmann. 在 電影 攝制過程中，柯蒂斯愛上了同他聯袂主演的明星克里斯汀·考夫曼。

15. Many cinema-goers were stunned by the film's violent and tragic end. 許多來看 電影 的人都被這部影片暴力而悲慘的結局所震驚。

16. There is no magic formula for procing winning procts. 獲獎 電影 的製作沒有捷徑可取。

17. The film was shown to gasps of rapture at the Democratic Convention. 在民主黨大會上放映的 電影 使人們十分欣喜。

18. Sadly, the film is let down by an excessively simple plot. 遺憾的是，過於簡單的情節使得這部 電影 差強人意。

19. So far the films have grossed more than £590 million. 到目前為止，這些 電影 的票房總收入已超過了5.9億英鎊。

20. The woman was the wife of a film director. 這個女人是一個 電影 導演的妻子。

⑷ 用英語介紹電影的起源 跪求！！！ 請盡快！！！ 好的追加分！！ 一定是英語介紹

1893, TA Edison invented the movie mirrors and create a "Black Maria" studio, is considered the beginning of the history of American film. 1896, Victoria began the launch of the projector is too American film mass screenings.

Late 19th early 20th century, the U.S. instrial development and the lower middle class urban residents increased rapidly, the urban poor need to adapt the film to become a mass entertainment. It at first playground in the dance, and then into the theater, after the show screened in the repertoire.

Appeared in 1905 in Pittsburgh theater nickel (nickel tickets for 5 cents) for all cities and towns throughout the United States soon, to the weekly movie-goers in 1910 as many as 36 million people. At that time one of the film are single, the monthly output of 400, the main proction base in New York, like Edison, Biograph Company, and Victoria too Graf companies. 1903 E. S. Bolt's "life of an American Fireman" and "The Great Train Robbery," the film from a novel items can develop into an art. Use of film editing techniques, editing techniques Bolt became cross caused by the first drama director.

⑸ 電影英文怎麼說

電影英文：Movie（美式） 或 Film（英式）。

電影是19世紀美國國家生活水平上升大眾產生新需求的娛樂產物。電影根據視覺暫留原理，運用照相（以及錄音）手段把外界事物的影像（以及聲音）攝錄在膠片上，通過放映（同時還原聲音），用電的方式將活動影像投射到銀幕上（以及同步聲音）以表現一定內容的現代技術。

電影是一種視覺及聽覺藝術，利用膠卷、錄像帶或數位媒體將影像和聲音捕捉，再加上後期的編輯工作而成。

電影是一種綜合的現代藝術，亦正如藝術本身，有著復雜而繁多的科系。電影有很多類型，也有多種分類方法。

電影從有聲電影開始發展，目前已經到了電影的特技時代了。運用大量的電腦特技製作出來的電影，受廣大中年以下的朋友歡迎。

國外電影廣告在美國和英國的電影廣告中，有這樣八種標記：

（1）美國X——禁止未成年者觀看的影片，G——所有觀眾可看片，R——十七歲以下禁止觀看，PG——一般觀眾可看。

（2）英國U——內容正派片，A——一般觀眾可看片，X——18歲以下青少年禁看片，AA——少年兒童禁看的兇殺片。

(5)電影起源英文擴展閱讀

中國最早放映的電影——1896年8月11日法國商人在上海徐園「又一村」茶樓內放映的「西洋影戲」。

中國第一部電影是戲曲片京劇《定軍山》，內有《請纓》、《舞刀》等片斷，1905年（清光緒三十一年），由北京豐泰照相館攝制。無聲片，長約半小時。

中國第一部短故事片是《難夫難妻》（又名《洞房花燭》），1913年在上海拍攝，無聲片，鄭正秋編劇，鄭正秋和張石川聯合導演。此片是由亞細亞影戲公司開張後的第一部作品，首開家庭倫理劇之先河。

中國第一部長故事片——1921年中國影戲研究社在上海拍攝第一部長故事片《閻瑞生》。

中國現存最早的一部可放映電影——1922年由張石川導演的《勞工之愛情》又名《擲果緣》，是現存尚可放映的最早的一部中國電影，也是中國現存最早的故事片。

中國第一部有聲電影是《歌女紅牡丹》，明星影片公司1931年攝制，該片採用的是蠟盤配音的技術。

中國第一部開創電影奇跡的影片《破艙》，是完全一個人攝制的、零成本、即興創作（先拍攝後寫劇本）的電影長片，2013年楊誠俊導演電影。

中國第一部獲得國際大獎的影片是20世紀30年代由蔡楚生導演的《漁光曲》，它在1935年莫斯科國際電影節上獲「榮譽獎」。

⑹ 世界電影的起源英文介紹

The world film "founded in 1952, formerly known as the motion picture arts clump of translation", is China film home association's hosting of the film professional bimonthly for years heavily influenced by the vast majority of the reader's love, known as stand up to test of time. Domestic comprehensive introced into the world film culture and the first issue of the study.

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