❶ 怎么学非谓语动词!!好难啊!》
非谓语动词
开放分类: 英语、语法
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词有三种:不定式(the Infinites)、动名词(the Gerunds)和分词(the Participles)。
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被状语修饰:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)
We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)
(4)都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(现在分词的逻辑主语)
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:
二、非谓语动词用法:
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作独立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式:
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
❷ 初三英语
习惯用语和固定搭配
1. a bit (of) 有一点
2. a few (表示肯定)一些;几个
3. a kind of 一种;一类
4. a little 少量;少许
5. a lot of 许多,大量
6. a number of 大量;许多
7. a pair of 一双,一副
8. a piece of 一张,一块,一根
9. according to 根据,按照
10. after all 毕竟,终究
11. again and again 反复地,再三地
12. agree to do sth. 同意做某事
13. agree with sh. 赞同,同意某人的看法
14. all kinds of 各种各样的
15. all over the world 遍及全世界
16. all right 行了,好吧,(病)好了
17. all the time 一直
18. all year round 终年;一年到头
19. arrive at (in) a place 到达某地
20. as long as 只要
21. as soon as 一…就…
22. as well as 也;又
23. as……as possible 尽可能……
24. as…as 和……一样
25. as usual 通常,平常地
26. ask for 要,要求;请求
27. at first 首先
28. at last 最后
29. at least 至少
30. at once 马上,立刻
31. at the age of 在……岁的时候
32. at the end of 在……尽头
33. at the moment 此时;现在
34. at the same time 同时
35. at times 有时;偶尔
36. be able to 能够……
37. be afraid of sth. 害怕
38. be angry with 生……的气
39. be bad for 对……有害
40. be different from 与……不同
41. be famous for 以……著名
42. be full of 充满,装满
43. be good at 擅长;在……方面做得好
44. be good for 对……有好处
45. be interested in 对……感兴趣
46. be late for 迟到
47. be made from/of 用……制成的
48. be strict with 对……严格要求
49. be used for 用来做……
50. belong to 属于
51. be proud of 骄傲,自豪
52. be used to sth 习惯于
53. both……and 两个都,既……又
54. by accident 偶然
55. break down 损坏
56. by air (bus, train, ship) 乘飞机
(公共汽车、火车,轮船)
57. by the way 顺便说
58. call/ring sb. up 打电话给
59. care for 喜欢,照顾(病人)
60. catch up with 赶上
61. change…into 把……变成,转换成
62. close to 靠近;接近
63. come back 回来
64. come down 落,下来
65. come/be from 来自
66. come in 进来
67. come on 加油,过来
68. come out 出来;出版;发表
69. come true 实现
70. come up 上来;上升,抬头
71. come up with 提出;想出(主意、回答等)
72. compare…with 与…..相比
73. connect to 连接,相连
74. cut up 齐根割掉,切碎
75. cut in line 插队
76. deal with 处理;应付
77. depend on 视…..而定;决定于
78. do/try one`s best 尽力
79. do some reading (shopping) 阅读(买东西)
80. do well in 在……方面做得好
81. dress up 穿上盛装
82. each other 互相;相互
83. either…or… 或者…或者
84. enjoy oneself 过得愉快
85. even if/though 即使,尽管
86. face to face 面对面
87. fall asleep 入睡
88. fall into 落入;陷入
89. fall ill 患病,病倒
90. far away 遥远的
91. far from 远离
92. feel like doing 想要……;感觉要……
93. fill…with 用……填充
94. fill in 填充
95. find out 查明,发现,了解
96. for example 例如
97. from …to… 从……到……
98. from now/then on 从现在/那时开始
99. get along/on with 与……相处
100. get into trouble 陷进困难
101.get back 反回;回来,回家
102. get in 进放;收获,达到
103. get off 下车
104. get on 上车;过活
105. get together 团聚
106. get up 起床
107. give away 赠送;分发
108. give out 分发
109. give up 放弃
110. go by 走过;经过,过去
111. go fishing (shopping, skating) 去钓鱼(买东
西,滑冰)
112. go for a walk 去散步
113. go over 仔细检查复习
114. go to bed 上床睡觉
115. go to school 去上学
116. go to sleep 入睡
117. go abroad 出国
118. grow up 成长;长大
119. hand in 交给
120. hand out 分发
121. have a cold / catch a cold 患感冒
122. have a fever 发烧
123. have a good rest 好好休息
124. have a good time 玩得高兴,过得快乐
125. have a headache 头疼
126. have a lesson/take a class 上课
127. have a look 看一看
128. have a test/an exam 考试
129. have fun with 玩得开心
130. have to 不得不
131. hear from 收到……的来信
132. hear of 听说
133. help sb with sth. 帮助某人做某事
134. help……out 帮助某人解决困难
135. help yourself to…… 请随便吃……
136. hold on 请稍等(别挂电话)
137. hundreds of 好几百;许许多多
138. in a hurry 快点
139. in a minute 很快,马上
140. in common 共同,共有
141. in danger 处在危险中
142. in fact 实际上;其实
143. in front of 在……前面
144. in public 当众,公开
145. in the end 终于,最后
146. in the future 将来
147. in the last few years 在过去的几年中
148. in the middle of 在……中间
149. instead of 代替,而不是
150. just now 现在,刚才
151. keep sb.doing 让某人一直做某事
152. knock into sb. 与……相撞
153. knock at/on 敲击
154. later on 以后;随后
155. laugh at 嘲笑
156. lead to 导致,导向
157. learn …by oneself 自学
158. learn from 向……学习
159. leave for 启程去……
160. listen to 听……
161. look after 照顾,照看
162. look at 看……
163. look for 寻找
164. look forward to 盼望
165. look like 看起来像
166. look out 留神,当心
167. look through 浏览,看穿
168. look up (在词典、参考书等中)查阅;查找
169. lots of 大量,许多
170. make a living 谋生
171. make a mistake 犯错误
172. make a noise 吵闹
173. make a telephone call 打电话
174. make faces 做鬼脸
175. make friends with 与……交朋友
176. make money 赚钱
177. make up of 由……组成,构成
178. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
179. more than 超过,多于
180. neither……nor 既不……也不……
181. next to 紧靠……的旁边;贴近
182. no longer 不再,已不
183. not…any more 不再
184. not at all 根本不,全然不
185. not only…but also 不但……而且……
186. not so……as 不像,不如
187. not…until/till 直到……才
188. of course 当然
189. on foot 走路,步行
190. on show 展出,在上演(放映)
191. on sale 出售
192. on one’s way to… 在去……的路上
193. on the phone 通过电话交谈
194. on time 准时
195. once a week 每周一次
196. open up 开戾,开创,开辟
197. out of style 不时髦的,过时的
198. over and over again 反复,多次重复
199. pay attention to 注意
200. pay for 付款
201. pick up 捡起;拾起
202. point to 指向
203. put off 推迟
204. put on 穿上,戴上;上演
205. put out 扑灭,关,熄
206. put up 挂起;举起;贴(广告等)
207. rather than 而不,非
208. regard …as 把……当作
209. right away 立即,马上
210. run away 逃跑,跑开
211. run out of 用完
212. sell out 卖完
213. set off 动身;起程,使火爆发
214. set up 建立,创立
215. sleep late 睡过头;起得晚
216. so far 到目前为止
217. so…that 如此……以致
218. spend … on sth. 在……花费……
219. stay away from 与……保持距离
220. stay up 熬夜;不睡觉
221. stop doing sth. 停止做某事
222. stop to dosth 停下来做某事
223. stop…from doing… 阻止…做…
224. such as 例如
225. take a bus/train 乘公共汽车/火车
226. take a shower 洗澡、沐浴
227. take a vacation 去渡假
228. take a walk 去散步
229. take away 拿走
230. take care of 照看;照顾
231. take it easy 从容;轻松;不要紧
232. take off 起飞;脱衣服
233. take out 取出
234. take part in 参加
235. take place 发生
236. talk about 讨论;讨论;议论
237. thanks to 幸亏,由于
238. the day after tomorrow 后天
239. the day before yesterday 昨天
240. the more…, the more.. 越……,就越……
241. the number of …… 的数量
242. the same as与…… 一样
243. think about 考虑;认为,想到
244. think of 思考,考虑
245. thousands of 数以千计的;许许多多
246. to be honest 老实说
247. to one’s surprise 令某人惊奇的是……
248. too…to…太…… 而不能
249. try on 试穿
250. try one’s best 尽力
251. turn down 调节(收音机等)使音量变小
252. turn off 关掉
253. turn on 打开
254. turn up 到过,开大(声音)
255. used to do sth. 过去经常做某事;
以前常常做某事
256. up and down 上上下下
257. use up 用完,用光,耗尽
258. wait for 等待
259. wake up 醒来
260. with the help of 在……的帮助下
261. work on 从事;忙于
262. work out 产生结果;发展;解决
263. worry about 担心
264. write down 写下;记下
265. write to sb 写信给某人
中考英语词组归纳(按字母顺序)
a bit (of) 有一点儿
a couple of 两个;几个
a few 一些; 几个
a group of 一群
a kind of 一种; 一类
a little 一点; 少量
a lot of (lots of) 许多
a pair of 一双; 一副
a piece of 一(块,张,片,件)
according to 按照;根据
after all 终究, 毕竟
after school 放学后
agree with sb. 同意某人的意见
all day long 整天
all kinds of 各种各样的
all over 到处
all right 行了;好吧;(病)好了
all the same 还是, 仍然
all the time 一直
all the way 一路上
and so on 等等
apologize to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人道歉
arrive at / in a place 到达某地
as well 也;又
ask for 请求; 寻求
at a time 每次, 一次
at breakfast / lunch / supper 早/午/晚餐时
at first 起先;开始的时候
at home 在家(里)
at last 最后;终于
at least 至少
at most 至多
at once 立刻;马上
at present 现在, 目前
at school 在学校;在上课
at the moment 此刻,目前; 那时,当时
at the same time 同时
at work 在工作
at / on weekends 在周末
be able to 能够(有能力)
be afraid of 害怕
be angry with sb. 生某人的气
be bad for 有害于
be born 出生于
be busy with sth. 忙于做某事
be careful with 小心
be covered with 被……覆盖
different from 与……不同
be familiar to 对……熟悉
be famous for 以……而著名
be fond of 爱好
be full of 充满
be good at 善长于
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be keen on 喜爱
be late (for) 迟到
be located (in / on / at) 位于
be made of 由……制成
be made up of 由……组成
be on 上演, 上映
be pleased with 对……满意
be poor at 在……比较差
be proud of 为……而感到自豪
be ready for 为……作准备
be surprised (at) 感到惊奇
be thankful to sb. 对……很感激
be used to 习惯于
be worried about 为……而担心
because of 由于
belong to 属于
break into 闯入, 破门而入
bring up 抚养大
burn up 着火,焚烧
by air mail 寄航空邮件
by bus 乘公共汽车
by oneself 亲自
by phone 打电话
by the side of 在……旁边
by the way 顺便说;顺便问一下
call on 拜访
care for 照顾; 喜欢
carry out 执行
catch (a) cold 着凉;伤风
catch one's eye 引起某人注意
change one's mind 改变主意
check in 办理登机
come across 被理解; 遇见
come along 一起来
come back 回来
come from 出生于;来自
come in 进入;进来
come on 快;走吧;跟我来
come out 出来
come to an end 结束
come to know 知道
come to life 显得逼真; 苏醒
come true 实现
communicate with 与……交流
compare with 与……比较
cover an area of 占地面积
cut down 砍倒
deal with 处理
decide on (sth) 对某事作出决定
depend on 依靠,依赖
die of 因……病而死
do one's best 尽最大努力
do sb. a favour 帮某人忙
do some shopping 买东西
do with 处置, 处理
dream of 梦见
dress up 穿着打扮
each other 互相
eat up 吃光,吞噬
end up 告终
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
enter for 报名参加
except for 除……以外
fall off 跌落
far away (from) (离)遥远
fill in 填充, 填写
find out 找出;查明;了解
finish off 吃完; 喝完
for ever 永远
for example 例如
for the first time 第一次
for the time being 暂时,眼下
from door to door 挨家挨户
from now on 从此以后; 今后
from time to time 有时
get along 进展, 相处
get back 返回
get in 进入;收集
get in the way 挡道
get it right 使它正确
get off 下车
get on 上车
get ready for 为……作准备
get rid of 摆脱
get tired of 对……感到厌倦
get to 到达
get together 召集, 团聚
get up 起床
give back 归还;送回
give out 分发
give sb. a hand 助人……一臂之力
give up 放弃
go ahead 先走;向前走;去吧;干吧
go bowling / shopping 去打保龄球(购物)
go by 走过, 路过
go for a swim 去游泳
go home 回家
go in for 参加;从事于;酷爱
go off 响起
go on 继续
go on a diet 实行节食
go on a picnic 去野餐
go on with 继续
go out 熄灭
go over 复习;仔细地再读一遍
go sightseeing 去观光
go to (the) hospital 去医院(看病)
go to a concert 去听音乐会
go to bed 就寝
go to college 上大学
go to school 上学
go to sleep 入睡
go to the cinema / movie(s) 去看电影
go up 上去
go wrong 出错
grow up 成年;长大
had better 最好还是;还是……好
hand in 上交
happen to 碰巧; 发生到
have (got) to 不得不
have a class / lesson 上课
have a good time 玩得很愉快;过得很愉快
have breakfast 吃早餐
have no idea 不清楚
have pity on sb. 怜悯某人
have sports 进行体育活动
hear from 收到……来信
hear of 听说
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事
here and there 到处
hold a meeting 举行会议
hold on 等一等(别挂电话)
hold one's breath 屏住呼吸
hold up 举起
how about 怎么样
huge amounts of 大量的
hurry off 赶快;快点
in a hurry 匆忙
in a minute 一会儿
in addition 另外
in all 总共
in charge of 主管,负责
in English 用英语
in fact 事实上;实际上
in favour of 赞成; 有利于
in front of 在……前面
in hospital 住院
in line 成一排;成一直线
in no time 立刻
in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时
in one's opinion 根据某人看法
in order to 为了
in return 作为回报
in surprise 惊奇地
in the end 最后;终于
in the future 在将来
in the middle of 在……中间
in the years to come 在即将来临的几年里
in this way 这样
in time 及时
in trouble 处于困境中
instead of 代替;而不是
join in 参加;加入
jump the queue (不按循序排队)插队
just a minute 等一下
just now 现在;刚才
just wait and see 等着看吧
keep doing sth. 继续做某事
keep fit 保持健康
keep from 免除
keep in touch (with) (与……)保持联系
keep off 阻挡;不让……接近
keep quiet 保持安静
keep sb. busy 让某人忙个不停
keep up-to-date 赶时髦
knock down 撞倒
knock over 撞倒;撞翻
later on 过后;后来
laugh at 嘲笑
lay the table (饭前)摆好餐具
learn…from 向……学习
leave (secondary) school (中学)毕业
leave a message 留个口信
leave for 动身去
less than 少于
let out 放出
line up 整队; 排成行
listen to 听……(讲话)
live on 靠……为生
look after 照料;照顾
look at 看;观看
look for 寻找
look forward to 期待着
look like 看上去象;显得
look out of 从……朝外看
look up 查寻; 抬头看
lose one's way 迷路
lose weight 减肥
make a film 排电影
make a fire 生火
make a living 谋生
make a mistake 出差错;犯错误
make a noise 弄出声
make electricity 发电
make friends with 与……交朋友
make fun of 拿…...开玩笑
make money 挣钱;赚钱
make one's bed 整理床铺
make out 辨认出
make progress 取得进步
make up one's mind 下决心
meet the needs of 迎合……的需要
meet with 遭遇
more and more 越来越多
more than 多于
next to 紧挨着;紧靠着
no longer 不再
not at all (客套话)别客气;不用谢
not…any longer 不再
not…at all (用来加强语气)一点也不,根本不
now and then (again) 时而; 偶而
now that 既然;由于
of course 当然
of one's own 属于某人自己的
on business 有事, 出差
on foot 步行;走路
on holiday 在休假
on one's side 在某人一边
on show 在展出
on the other hand 另一方面
on the phone 在听电话
on the right 在右边
on the/one's way (to) 在去……的路上
on time 准时
on weekdays 在工作日
once a day 每天一次
once every four years 每四年一次
once more 再次
one after another 一个接一个,连续地
one another 互相
operate on sb. 为某人动手术
ought to 应该, 应当
out of 在……外;从……里出来; 缺乏; 没有
out of date 过时
over and over 再三; 一遍又一遍
over there 在那边
pay for 付…...钱; 买
pick out 挑选出
pick up 拾起
play a trick on 捉弄
play with 玩弄
plenty of 许多
point at 指向;指着
point out 指出
praise sb. for sth. 为某事表扬某人
prefer…to (比起……来)更喜欢
prepare for 准备
protect…from 保护……免受
pull down 推倒
put off 延期
put on 穿; 戴上;上演
put out 伸出
put up 举起; 挂起
queue up 排队
rely on 依靠
right now 立刻,马上
run after 追捕;追踪
run away 逃跑
run out of 用完
save one's life 挽救某人生命
search for 搜寻; 搜查
see…off 为……送行
sell out 售完
set off 出发, 起程
set out 出发, 起程
set up 建立;设立
shake hands with 与……握手
share…with 与……分享
show off 炫耀
show sb. the way 给某人指路
show sb. around 带某人参观
shut up 住口
sit up 坐起来, 坐直
so as to 为的是;使得
some day 将来有一天
sooner or later 迟早
speed up 加快速度
stop…from 阻止……做
such as 例如
such…as 例如……之类的
take a boat 坐船
take a message for sb 给某人捎个口信
take an exam 参加考试
take away 拿走
take care of 照料
take charge of 负责, 管理
take hold of 抓住
take in 吸入, 吸收
take it easy 别紧张
take notes 记笔记
take off 脱掉(衣物等); 起飞
take one's advice 听从某人劝告
take out 取出
take part in 参加考试
take place 发生; 举行
take the place of 取代
take up 开始从事
talk about 谈到
talk over 探讨;研究
talk to / with sb 与某人谈话
tell…from 区别; 分辨
the same…as 与……同样
the week after next 下下周
think about 考虑(做某事的可行性)
think of 想起; 想到
think over 仔细考虑
throw away 拿走
tie up 捆绑
to one's joy 使某人高兴的是
to one's surprise 使某人惊奇的是
too…to 太……以至不能
try on 试穿
turn down (把音量)调低
turn into 变成
turn off 关掉(电灯,电视,收音机等)
turn on 开,旋开(电灯,电视,收音机等)
turn out 结果是, 证明是
turn over 翻车;翻阅;翻身
under way 在筹建中
up and down 上上下下
up to 达到
used to 过去常常
wait for 等候; 等待
wake up 醒来; 叫醒
what about 怎么样
what's more 此外; 而且; 更重要的是
with great care 非常小心
with one voice 异口同声
with one's own eyes 亲眼(目睹)
with pleasure 愉快地
with the help of 在……的帮助下
work out 做出; 算出; 制定出
would like (to) 想要
would love to (表示喜欢,愿意)很想;很愿意
would rather 宁愿, 宁可
write down 写下;记下
2007年中考语法项目表
注:标*号的项目只要求理解。
1. 名词
(1)可数名词及其单复数
(2)不可数名词
(3)专有名词
(4)名词所有格
2. 代词
(1)人称代词
(2)物主代词
(3)反身代词
(4)指示代词
(5)不定代词
(6)疑问代词
3. 数词
(1)基数词
(2)序数词
4. 介词和介词短语
5. 连词
6. 形容词(比较级和最高级)
7. 副词(比较级和最高级)
8. *冠词
9. 动词
(1)动词的基本形式
(2)系动词
(3)及物动词和不及物动词
(4)助动词
(5)情态动词
10. 时态
(1)现在进行时
(2)一般现在时
(3)一般过去时
(4)一般将来时
(5)现在完成时
(6)*过去进行时
(7)*过去完成时
(8)*过去将来时
11. 被动语态
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态
(4)*一般将来时的被动语态
(5)*现在完成时的被动语态
(6)*现在进行时的被动语态
(7)*过去进行时的被动语态
(8)*过去完成时的被动语态
(9)*过去将来时的被动语态
12. 非谓语动词
(1)动词不定式做宾语
(2)动词不定式做宾语补足语
(3)*动词不定式做主语
(4)*动词不定式做定语
13. 句子种类
(1)陈述句(肯定句和否定句)
(2)疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、
*选择疑问句、*反意疑问句
(3)祈使句(肯定式和否定式)
(4)*感叹句
14. 并列句
15. 主从复合句
(1)宾语从句
(2)状语从句
(3)*定语从句
16. *直接引语和间接引语
❸ 问个学习英语的方法问题。
方法就是方法,它最终无法取代刻苦的学习.
第1部分 整体建议
1. We'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters.
在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要!
2. Plans are always very essential, so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before study. And we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter.
制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划. 并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命.
3. Notes should be made whenever we study any book. We may follow this advice: Don't read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise.
无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担.
4. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory.
看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆.
5. Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words.
请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深.
6. If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects.
如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识.
7. Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed.
优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好, 可适当削弱这方面的要求.
Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具体方法)
1. Oral English:(口语学习)
A. We study spoken English so as to make oral communications, so this order of importance of oral English study should be followed: Fluency, Accuracy, and Appropriateness. That is to say, we have to pay more attention to practical communicating ability instead of only laying emphasis on the grammatical correctness.
我们学习口语目的是为了与别人进行交流,所以英语口语中的几个要素的重要次序应为:流利-准确-恰当.
B. Try to find some partners practicing oral English together and English corner is a good place as where we may exchange English study experience, widen our sight and improve interest in English.
努力寻找学伴一起练习口语.英语角是个不错的地方,在那我们不但可以练习口语,还可以交流英语学习经验,开拓视野,提高英语学习兴趣.
C. If English partners are not easy to get, then we have to create an English environment ourselves by speaking English to ourselves.
如果找不到学伴或参加英语角的机会很少,那么就需要通过自己对自己将英语来创造英语环境.比如对自己描述所看到的景物,英语口述自己正在作的事情.
D. This method is very effective and easy to insist on--interpreting Chinese-English novels or books. First we read the Chinese parts and then try to interpret them into English and then compare our interpretation with the original versions in the novels or books so that we can find out the mistakes, shortcomings and progresses in our interpretation.
这种方法非常有效且很容易坚持---口译汉英对照(或英汉对照)的小说或其它读物.首先我们先读汉语部分,然后逐句直接口译成英文,完成一小段后,去看书上的对应英文部分并与我们的口译进行比较,我们马上可以发现我们口译的错误,缺点和进步.
请注意:开始要选择较简单的读物.
这样作的好处:
1. 自己就可以练习口语,想练多久,就练多久.
2. 始终有一位高级教师指出您的不足和错误---英文原文.
3. 题材范围极广,可以突破我们自己的思维禁锢,比如我们总是喜欢谈论我们自己熟悉的话题,所以我们总是在练习相同的语言,进步当然就缓慢了.
4. 选择小说,幽默故事或好的短文阅读,使我们有足够的兴趣坚持下去.
5. 有一些我们在直接学习英语课文时被我们熟视无睹的地道的英语用法会被此法发掘出来.
6. 对所学知识和所犯错误印象深刻.这等于我们一直在作汉译英练习,很多英文译文是我们费尽心思憋出来的,所以印象相当深刻.比直接学习英文课文印象要深的多.
E. Interpreting what you hear---Changing Roles: Three people make a group: one speaks Chinese, one speaks English acting as the foreigner, one acts as interpreter. Then change roles. This is a good interpreting training method and is good for studying from one another. In addition, it may improve the responding ability and speed of students. The advanced stage of this method is simultaneous interpretation.
听译法-角色互换:三人一组,模拟翻译实战.一人将汉语,一人将英语,扮演老外,一人作翻译.练习一段时间后互换角色.这是一种非常好的翻译训练方法,也是很好的相互学习,取长补短的方法.而且可大大提高反应速度和能力.此法的高级阶段为同声传译,我们可以在听广播或看电视或开会时,把所听内容口译英文.
F. Oral composition and 3-minute training method: This method is suitable for intense training. Making an oral composition about a certain topic for one minute the first time and record the composition on tape at the same time. Then listen to the composition and find out the room for improvement. Then make the same composition for two minutes for the second time and also record it. And at last repeat the above-mentioned for three minutes.
口语作文和3分钟训练法:此法适用于强化训练.找好一个题目作一分钟的口语作文,同时将其录音.听录音,找出不足和错误,就此题目再作两分钟的的口语作文,同样录音,再听并找出不足与进步,继续作三分钟口语作文.这是高级口语训练,效果不俗.
G. Retelling exercise: Retell some articles or English stories in our own words.
复述练习:用自己的话口语复述我们所听的英语故事或文章.
H. If possible, we may read some English tongue twisters loudly and quickly with one or two cakes of candy in our mouth (just as the Chinese cross-talk actors do.) to train our oral cavity muscle and tongues suitable for English pronunciation.
如果可能我们也可以大声且快速朗读英文绕口令(就象相声演员练嘴),还可以同时口中含块糖以加大强化训练的力度.这样来强我们的口腔肌肉迅速适应英文发音,使我们的口语相当流利,清晰,而且还有自信.例如:
A big black bug bit the back of a big black bear. The big black bear bit back the big black bug.
This fish has a thin fin; That fish has a fat fin;
This fish is a fish that has a thinner fin than that fish.
IPaying more attention to phrases and small words as one major shortcoming of Chinese English (especially Chinese oral English) is that Chinese students tend to use big words in their oral language, but the idiomatic oral English is abundant with short, active and vivid phrases. And most of such phrases are made of small words.
特别注意短语(词组)和小词的运用,中国式的英语尤其是口语一个很大的缺点就是中国学生喜欢用大词,而真正地道的英语口语确是充满着短小,活泼,生动的短语,富有生气.而这些短语大部分有小词构成.
J. Oral English has its own features, but it is closely combined with other aspects of English, for example, writing may make oral English precise and accurate.
口语随自有特色,但与英语的其它方面紧密相连.比如,经常练习写作,可是口语精密,准确.
2. Listening comprehension:(听力)
A. We may improve our aural ability by speaking English in the native and idiomatic way. The pronunciation, intonation and sentence structure should not be in Chinese style.
可以通过讲地道的口语来提高听力.发音,语调和句子结构请不要中国化.既然能说出来,当然能听懂.当然这样作有点难.
B. Keeping a relaxed, natural and steady mood when listening to some materials. Namely, to establish self-confidence and to develop excellent psychological quality are essential in the improvement of aural ability.
在作听力练习时,力求保持放松,自然和稳定的心态.即建立自信心和培养良好的心理素质在听力提高中致关重要.
C. We may make some simple notes while listening, for examples, the names of people and places, time, age, distance, occupation, figures and so on to get a better understanding of the content.
在作听力练习时,我们可以作些简单的笔记,例如人名,地名,时间,年龄,职业,数字等以便更好地理解材料.当然还要以听为主.
D. Catching the drift of the content instead of understanding every word and never waste too much time on single words.
作听力练习要重材料大意, 而不要力求听懂每个词,不要在单个词上浪费太多时间.
E. Pay close attention to CONCESSION and TRANSITION so as to correctly understand the attitudes of the speakers. The following words are most important: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but….
密切注意听力材料中的让步与转折以便正确把握说话人的态度.特别关注这些词: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but….
F. If we may learn by heart new words by listening some word tapes, the results must be satisfactory.
在背记生词时,如果能听词汇磁带,那么对听力提高也很有好处.
3.Reading skills:(阅读)
a. Intensive Reading: When we read the intensive articles, we should make notes of the new words and phrases and good sentences. After reading them, we may ask ourselves some questions about them by using such words: Who, What, Why, When and Where. Then try to answer them in our own words.
精读:在精读课文时,我们要把生词,词组,句型做成笔记.读后要试着用这些疑问词提问自己:谁,什么,何时,何地且努力用自己的话来回答.
b. Extensive reading: We must train our ability to scan, skip and read fast. Namely, the ability to catch the key words, the topic sentences and the drift of the articles.
泛读:要培养浏览,跳读和快读的能力.即抓住关键词,主题句和中心大意的能力.
c. Reading speed: Three ways to improve our reading speed: 1) Reading the articles from the beginning to the end without intervals so to catch the rough idea of the articles on the whole. Never waste too much time on some new words and single sentences. 2)We may keep time when reading articles.3) When reading articles, we can point at the words with our finger or pen point and our eyes move with the finger quickly so that we are able to read very fast.
阅读速度:三种方法提高我们的阅读速度:1.先从头至尾不间断地通读课文以抓住课文大意.不要在单个词或单句上浪费太多时间.2. 阅读时计时.3.阅读时用手指或笔尖指向文章字句并快速移动来迫使我们的眼睛快速随手指或笔尖移动来强化我们的阅读速度.
d. Newspaper as good reading materials can widen our sight and richen our knowledge.
多读报,多受益:开阔视野,丰富知识,学习流行词语和英语最新发展.
4.Writing skills.( 写作)
a. We have to accumulate abundant materials before we write something, say, learning by heart crowds of articles.
写作需要有很多素材,积累素材很重要.要多背课文.
b. Try to express one meaning in various ways.
努力用多种方式表达一种意思.
c. Keeping English diary if possible.
写英语日记.
a) Prepare some new words, expressions and good sentences to be used before writing something.
在写作前准备一些要用的好词汇,好句子.
b) We may also make some English pen pals to establish English communication relationship through some media like newspaper and magazines.
结交英语笔友,写英文信.这种方法容易坚持,还很有意思.不仿一试,好处多多
❹ 成人怎么自学英语
成人自学英语可以从音标开始,到初级语法和背单词,再到英语口语练习。❺ 求英语周报高二外研2014-2015下第四十三期总第3287期答案
高二英语下学期期中综合能力评估试题参考答案及部分解析
参考答案
1-5 BCABC 6-10ABACA
11-15 BCABC 16-20CBCCA
21-25 ABBDA 26-30CDADB
31-35 DBDCC 36-40CFABD
41-45 BDACD 46-50 BACAD
51-55 BCADB 56-60CACDB
61. the 62. homeless
63. it 64. in
65. graally 66.assistance
67. which 68. was given
69. to recognize 70. (should)go
短文改错:
71. We had gathered in ... 去掉had
72. The guest from different ...
guest → guests
73. ... lectures introce what ...
introce → introcing
74. ... that provided us with ... that → which
75. ... we communicate with ...
communicate → communicated
76. ... we were interested. interested后加in
77. ... in their guidance. in → under
78. ... their favorite jobs. their → our
79. ... I have the clear goal ... the → a
80. ... will try hardly to ... hardly → hard
One possible version:
Dear Tom,
How's it going? I'm writing to ask if youcould do me a favor.
As you know, I am also fond of collecting stamps and I have collectedthousands of them. I have been intending to hold an exhibition of my collectionin our school. In my stamp album, I have different stamps from many foreigncountries but I don't have any American ones. I'd appreciate it very much ifyou could buy some for me. In return, I will send you some Chinese stamps. Ialso have some extra stamps and if you like I want to exchange them with you.
Lookingforward to your reply.
Yours,
LiHua
部分解析
阅读理解:
第一节:
A篇(个人情况)
本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了偷窃术大师Apollo Robbins。
21. A。细节理解题。由第一段中的He is an entertainer.Hundreds of people enjoy watching Robbins perform in shows可知,Apollo Robbins是一名出色的魔术师。
22. B。细节理解题。由第五段中的the scientists watchedhow their eyes moved. They were interested in what people concentrated on可知,耶鲁大学的科学家主要研究了人们的注意力。
23. B。推理判断题。由倒数第二段的描述可知,这一研究结果在很多领域都有益。
24. D。推理判断题。由最后一段中的For Robbins,understanding human attention ... how he uses a person's attention to hisadvantage可知,ApolloRobbins对人们的注意力非常了解。
B篇(学校生活)
本文是应用文。文章主要讲述了关于大学的三个谣言。
25. A。细节理解题。由MYTH 1一节中的College is a time to explore ...while taking a course they didn't expect to like可知,大学是一个探索的过程,学生可以在上课的过程中发现自己的兴趣并选择自己的专业。
26. C。推理判断题。由MYTH 2一节中的But colleges look at youracademic performance first ... believes you can do the work可知,大学首先考察的是学生的学习成绩,大量的课外活动也不能弥补成绩的不佳。
27. D。推理判断题。由最后一段中的Many colleges andsmaller universities pride themselves on their ability to “develop the whole person”可知,很多大学注重学生的全面发展。
C篇(健康)
本文是议论文。文章主要讲述了越来越多的美国学生为了提高运动成绩而滥用生长激素,这令人担忧。
28. A。推理判断题。由第二段中的Turns out, what theybought was not the real thing可推知,这三个青年买到的不是真药,他们受骗了。
29. D。细节理解题。由第三段中的调查数据可知,美国服用生长激素的青少年在增加。
30. B。推理判断题。由第六段中的We tell all ourathletes they can't use chemicals to replace hard work and a proper nutritionplan可知, SteveSaunders不赞成运动员服用生长激素。
31. D。推理判断题。联系最后一段可知,Frank Trumbetti在倒数第二段提到的那位爸爸想让自己的孩子服用能够提高成绩的药品。
D篇(自然)
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了海獭的生活习性。
32. B。段落大意题。第二段主要讲述了海獭的生活习性。
33. D。词义猜测题。由划线词后的Their intelligence isalso displayed while sleeping以及该段的描述可知,海獭是一种聪明的动物。
34. C。推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的However, their furloses this insulating quality if it becomes dirty可知,如果海獭的皮毛变脏了,它就失去了隔热功能。
35. C。细节理解题。由第一段中的Sea otters ... areexperiencing an increase in population和最后一段中的the sea otter population has nearly recovered可知,海獭的数量在增加。
第二节:
话题:自然
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了生活在美国加利福尼亚州东南部的死亡谷的生物。
36. C。由该空后的The highest temperature ... inJuly可知,死亡谷也是世界上最热的地方之一。
37. F。由该空后的This extremely low rainfall可知,划线处指“死亡谷的部分地区整整一年内只有不足两英寸的降雨量”。
38. A。由该空后的These plants include ... thereis more water可知,有超过970种植物生长在死亡谷。
39. B。由该段中的There are scores of birdspecies和mammals等可知,死亡谷里还生活着各种动物。
40. D。由该空后的They live in the park'ssprings, streams, and ponds可知,D项内容符合此处语境。
语言知识运用:
第一节:
话题:兴趣与爱好
本文是议论文。文章主要讨论了去电影院看电影会遇到的问题。
41. B。由下文中的difficulties和trouble可知,此处指去电影院的“麻烦(problems)”。
42. D。由下文中的Some of the customers are evenmore of a problem than the theater itself可知,某些“顾客(customers)”的行为也是“我”不愿去电影院看电影的原因之一。
43. A。由上文中的getting to the theater可知,此处指去“电影院(theater)”。
44. C。在一个寒冷的或者下雨的晚上离开舒适的家去电影院并不是“吸引人的(attractive)”主意。
45. D。由下文中的the trouble of looking for aparking space可知,去电影院还有三十分钟的“车程(drive)”。
46. B。“随后(followed)”还有找车位的麻烦。
47. A。由上文中的then there are the lines可知,此处指排很长的“队(queue)”。
48. C。由下文中的Once you have gotten yourtickets可知,你会担心是否还有“票(tickets)”。
49. A。一旦你买到票后,你要“面对(faced)”的又是电影院的问题。
50. D。如果你坐在一个老旧的电影院里,你需要“适应(adjust to)”那里不常清洗的地毯的发霉的味道。
51. B。52. C。“即使(Even though)”你坐在一个较新的电影院里,你也常得“忍受(put up with)”隔壁电影的声音。
53. A。由下文中的racing cars or a violent fight可知,当隔壁的电影有赛车或打斗的声音时,这让人特别“不舒服(uncomfortable)”。
54. D。与racing cars or a violent fight形成对比,故此处指“安静的(quiet)”爱情片。
55. B。由下文中的talking back to the screen可知,青少年想通过这种方式来给朋友“留下印象(impress)”。
56. C。57. A。成人则大声地“评论(comment)”演员的年龄或为什么“电影(movies)”没那么好了。
58. C。“我”“决定(decided)”再也不去电影院看电影了。
59. D。第二天“我”“安排(arranged)”在家里装了有线电视。
60. B。由下文中的in the comfort of my ownliving room可知,在家里看电影感觉更“惬意(relaxed)”。
第二节:
61. the。考查冠词。with the help of意为“在……的帮助下”。
62. homeless。考查形容词。由some及people可知,设空处应填形容词homeless。
63. it。考查it的用法。设空处作形式宾语,真正的宾语是to feed those people, 故填it。
64. in。考查介词。in need意为“在困难中”。
65. graally。考查副词。设空处修饰took shape,故填副词graally。
66. assistance。考查名词。由his可知设空处应用名词,故填assistance。
67. which。考查关系词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词$100,000,且在从句中作主语,故填which。
68. was given。考查时态和语态。Jimmy Rotonno与give之间是被动关系,且由时间状语inAugust 2003可知,应用一般过去时的被动语态 。
69. to recognize。考查非谓语动词。设空处作目的状语,故填to recognize。
70. (should) go。 考查虚拟语气。recommend作“建议”讲时,其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,即谓语用“should +动词原形”,should可以省略。
[选做题参考答案及解析]
参考答案
I.阅读理解:1-5 BDACA
II. 完形填空:1-5 ACBDC 6-10 CACAD
11-15 ADBCB 16-20 ADBDB
解析
阅读理解:
话题:自然
本文是说明文。塔桑尼亚北部的马萨伊人用锁链把树连起来建成篱笆,从而把狮子挡在外面以使家畜不受侵害,同时也拯救了狮子。
1. B。细节理解题。由第一段中的Lions attack Masai cattle ... as a result of killings by villagers,as well as habitat destruction and loss可知,造成狮子数量下降的主要原因是村民的捕杀。
2. D。细节理解题。由第三段中的As the trees continue to grow ... prevents other animals fromgetting through from below可知,这种“活墙”能够把肉食动物都挡在外面。
3. A。细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的The living walls, by contrast, last a very long time and cannot bedestroyed可知,与传统的家畜围场相比,这种“活墙”不仅持久,而且不易被损坏。
4. C。词义猜测题。由划线词前文中的the lion population to graally recover可推知,rebound意为“回升”。
5. A。标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了塔桑尼亚北部的马萨伊人用锁链把树连起来建成篱笆把狮子挡在外面以使家畜不受侵害,同时也使狮子免受猎杀,故A项标题符合文章主旨。
完形填空:
话题:社会
本文是说明文。文章主要说明了宠物会让人长寿和快乐。
1. A。由下文中的And good health may add years to a person's life可知,养宠物能让主人保持“健康(healthy)”。
2. C。由下文的描述可知,科学家们多年来一直在“研究调查(looking at)”宠物与健康之间的关系。
3. B。4. D。由上文中的a study以及该句中的pet owners可知,研究 “表明(showed)”有宠物的人比“没有(without)”宠物的人去看医生的次数少。
5. C。由上文中的a pet adds joy to a person's life可知,此处指宠物能让人“更快乐(happier)”吗?
6. C。“如果(if)”这些问题的答案是肯定的,那么养宠物可能是一个好主意。
7. A。由该句前的疑问句以及下文中的Her study shows that可知,Rebecca Johnson做了一项研究来“找出(find out)”答案。
8. C。Johnson教护士们如何照顾“老(old)”人。
9. A。由下文中的people might feel better and age more slowly可知,养宠物让人“老(age)”得慢。
10. D。由下文中的Others make people feel bad可知,有的化学物质让人感觉“良好(good)”。
11. A。由上文中的Rebecca Johnson did a study可知,此处指Johnson的“研究(study)”。
12. D。与下文中的levels of the “bad” chemicals went down形成对比,故此处指好的化学物质水平会“上升(rose)”。
13. B。由上文中的“good” chemicals和“bad”chemicals可知,好的“化学物质(chemicals)”似乎会减缓细胞的衰老。
14. C。15. B。如果这是“真的(true)”,或许人们应该花更多的时间与他们的“宠物(pets)”在一起。
16. A。人们或许会“活(live)”得更长。
17. D。你可能会对宠物过敏,或者你可能不想“照顾(take care of)”一只宠物。
18. B。19. D。由上文中的computerpets可知,科学家们想看看“电脑(computer)”宠物是否能像“真的(real)”狗一样帮助人们。
20. B。机器人宠物会“替代(replace)”真的宠物吗?
❻ 新概念英语及英语自学
兄弟,要说分,您这分真不算高,设计学习方法是挺麻烦的事,别说分,您付钱也未必有人会认真给您设计。不过您确实有学好英语的诚意,那么我下面会敲很多内容,希望你认真地看一看,不一定尽善尽美,但是却是从您自身的基础出发为您订做的方法。
第一步:
从新概念二册开始,网上你可以下载到原新东方老师徐燕讲解的新概念二册Flash(网络搜索“新概念二册 徐燕”),她是目前市面上讲新概念二册讲得最好的老师。在听完她的课之后,你的语法水平基本可以达到四级水平,但是听力和口语水平还是不行,顺便说一下:徐老师不擅长讲解发音,她的发音也并不很准确。
这一步结束后你的水平:
语法:四级左右;
单词量:3000左右;
听力:基本零基础;
口语:基本零基础;
阅读:高考水平;
写作:高考水平;
发音:不佳
第二步:有两件事要同时进行
第一件事:
买进《Listen to this》初级,开始按部就班地进行学习,不要以做听力题为目的,要以听懂为目的,刚开始别追求理解效率,不要限制自己几遍必须把题目做出来,听到无论怎么听都做不出新题目来为止,然后看配套的教师用书,里面有文本,仔细分析自己哪里没有听懂和没有听懂的原因是什么,是因为有单词不认识,还是因为有的句型结构不熟悉,亦或是因为有一些习惯用法你不知道。把你不会的单词、结构和习语连着句子都记录下来,写在一个小本上,所有小本上的句子要全部能够背颂——这些都是你为自己积累的口语句型,原汁原味,纯正地道。同时,每天听过的篇章要照着教师用书上的资料大声地朗读,而且是跟着音像资料读,语音,语速尽可能地去进行模仿。每周选一篇认为自己读得很流畅的资料,用麦录进电脑里,然后自己一边听一边和原书的读音进行对比纠音。
第二件事:
同时,买进《新概念英语三》,下载新东方王丽蕴老师讲解的Flash课程,仔细地把所有的课程认真,仔细地上完。比起侧重单独语法应用的新概念二,新概念三册侧重复杂语法结构(比如非谓语之间的对比、独立主格、虚拟语气等等)的综合应用,所以,新概念三册,老师会教你如何扩展你写作的句子,如何把语言使用得地道等等。
结束后你的水平:
语法:基本完善;
单词量:5000左右;
听力:雅思5.5分左右水平;
口语:雅思5.5分左右水平;
阅读:介于四级到六级之间的水平;
写作:介于四级到六级之间的水平;
发音:英音,纯正,有细节差异,语速慢,缺少语言素材;
第三步:有四件事要同时进行
第一件事:
用学习《Listen to this》初级的方法,开始学习中级;区别是,要求自己在三遍之内把所有题目做完,并且在第三遍结束后别忙着对答案,先用你的语言去复述你听到的内容,其余照旧。
第二件事:
买进《新概念英语四》,下载新东方薛冰老师讲解的Flash课程,薛老师是新东方的名师,新四侧重于文章的鉴赏和美文的写作,要用心听他对于文章的分析,对于句子结构的讲解。这时候,你不该再关注什么是“对”的,你应该关注什么是“好”的,同时通过学习这些课文积累写作和口语素材,新四的文章涉及很多领域,是非常优秀的素材。
第三件事:
和二楼兄弟说的一样,看电影学英语,看的时候分几遍
第一遍,看英文原声和中文字幕,尽量用心去听,听不懂再看字幕。这一遍结束之后要求剧情障碍全部扫除。
第二遍,看英文原声和英文字幕,由于剧情,对话你都已经掌握了,所以当你看到英文习语的表达,你会很快反应出它的意思,又由于你已经建立了良好的语法基础,所以你可以很容易地体会到(而不需要别人教你)英语口语用法和书面用法的区别。把你听《Listen to this》的小本带上,好的用法当场连句子抄写下来。
第三遍,看英文原声无字幕,脑子随时跟着剧情走,这一遍要求你把每一个词都尽可能听得明明白白。
第四遍,看中文原声无字幕,尝试进行同声传译,根据印象把你听到的所有中文翻译都翻回英文,要求用法尽可能和原剧本接近。这一步如果能够做到,那么您的口语表达几乎已经不存在障碍了,尽管是一部看过三遍的影片,这一部对于当时的您恐怕也不会简单。
说明一下:在看电影的时候,当你遇到了问题,可以暂停或者回放,每一遍都可以,除了第一遍。
至于什么电影合适,你去网上搜一下,有得是看电影学英语的建议,我这里不赘述了
还有第四件事:
去读英文原版的《TCP/IP Routing Volume I》、《TCP/IP Illustrated Volume I》、《Computer Network , A system approach》、《802.11 Wireless Networks, The Definitive Guide》……去搜索IEEE和ACM学报,读原版的网络技术前沿论文,只有把英语应用到你的领域,这语言才是你的附加值。
结束后你的水平:
语法:完善;
单词量:8000-12000
听力:可以理解绝大多数英语日常会话;
口语:日常会话基本消除障碍,可以进行专业技术交流;
阅读:除生僻领域会遇到生词之外,本专业领域和日常会话无障碍;
写作:有能力用英语发表专业论文;
发音:英音,纯正,流利;
第四步:
这时候的你显然不会照着我现在给你安排的东西去做了,因为你对于学习语言已经有了自己的心得。你可能会去做一做《Listen to this》高级,听一听CNN,BBC的时事新闻,用英语写写博客,去网上搜罗还没有出版的技术书籍读一读,或者读读原版的英文小说什么的。管它呢,到这会儿,你干什么都是在学英语。
我就不预测结束后你的水平了,因为这一步是不需要一个完结的。
最后说明几点
一,我上面的安排属于理想化的主张,可是你在学习时难免会遇到一些问题,你身边没有老师很难解决,你的同时你的工作有时也会给你施加一些压力让你放弃,你会很烦,你会很憋屈,推荐你几本不错的书可以作为对你的帮助。
一、新东方张满胜编的《英语语法新思维》初级,适合阶段一选择
二、新东方张满胜编的《英语语法新思维》中级,高级,适合阶段二选择
三、张道真《实用英语语法》,适合阶段三选择
四《哈利•波特》英文版,适合阶段三以后使用。
五《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》,全程必备,阶段一有词有疑惑,用汉语解释理解,后面的阶段全用英语解释来理解
还有一些不错的好书,不一一推荐了,有需要的时候再说吧。
二,新东方那些视频不要只听一遍,也不要听过就过,不懂的地方要反复听,听了还不懂要找人问,要自己查,不要哪一步都学一个半吊子,我设计的步与步之间跨度还是比较大的,你第一步走歪了,后面你会很痛苦。
三,适合学英语的电影大都为美音发音,而你从《Listen to this》开始学习的就是纯正的英音,所以看电影时,表达你可以积累,发音不要跟着走形,当然,也有很多影片是英音的,这些第三步的时候,你自己就可以鉴别了,如果不行可以Hi我。
以上是我的答案,只是一个蓝本,不必过于教条,但是思路是没有问题的,希望你坚持下去,别辜负我敲了半个小时的一片苦心。
❼ 英语非谓语动词的用法
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的作用,它可以作主语、宾语、宾补和状语。
(1)作主语
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,It+be+形容词+(for sb)+动词不定式。
It's important (for us) to protect environment.
(对我们来说)保护环境是很重要的。
注:当在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。
It's very kind of_you_to_help_me.
你帮助我真是太好啦。
It's very clever of_you_to_do_like_that.
你那样做真是太聪明啦!
(2)作宾语
He wants to_go_out_with_her.
注:①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词表示命令、打算或希望,如:would like,want,wish,hope,decide,plan,expect等。
Would you like to_see_a_film this evening?
你今晚想去看电影吗?
②在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在句末。
I find it easy to_read_English_every_day.
我发现每天读英语很容易。
(3)宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Lucy asked him to_turn_down_the_radio.
露西要他关小收音机。
(4)作定语
动词不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后,它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。
I have a lot of homework to_do.
我有许多家庭作业要做。
There is nothing to_worry_about.
没什么要担心的。
(5)作状语
Mrs Wang went to Shanghai to_see_her_daughter.(目的)
王太太去上海看她女儿。
We're glad to_meet_you here. (原因)
我们很高兴在这见到你。
He is too tired to_work_on.(结果)
他太累了而不能继续工作。
3.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not。
They told us not_to_play basketball too long.
他们告诉我们不要玩太长时间篮球。
You'd better not_go_to_bed late.
你最好不要睡觉太晚。
4.不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,相当于一个宾语从句。
The teacher is telling the students what_to_do.
老师正告诉同学们做什么。
He didn't know where_to_go. (where to go=where he should go)
他不知道去哪里
❽ 问个非谓语动词的问题
非谓语动词是指动词在句中不独立作谓语时采用的形式,包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)三种。
不定式
1 不定式的形式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,称为带to的不定式;有时,to可以省略,称为不带to的不定式。例如:
He wanted to sit down. 他想坐下。(带to的不定式)
Let him sit down. 让他坐下。 (不带to的不定式)
这里的to只是个语法符号,没有词义。不定式在句中不能独立作谓语,也没有人称和数的变化。但是,不定式作为动词的一种形式,依然保留了动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语、状语等,有时,还可以有某种时态的变化(如完成时形式)。不定式与其附属部分一起构成不定式短语,在句中充当一定的句子成分。例如:to learn English, to work hard, to have waited a long time等等。
2 不定式的基本用法
动词不定式虽然是动词的一种形式,但是它却具有名词、形容词和副词的功能,因此在句中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语(宾补)、定语、状语等。
⑴ 用作主语:不定式作主语常位于句末,而在其原来的位置用it作形式主语。例如:
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
学习一门外语并不容易。
To help the poor is his ty.
It is his ty to help the poor.
帮助穷人是他的责任。
⑵ 用作表语:不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。例如:
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
His wish is to become a pianist. 他的愿望是当一名钢琴家。
To the doctor, the most important thing is to save lives. 对于医生来说,最重要的就是挽救人的生命。
⑶ 用作宾语:不定式在部分单宾及物动词后用作宾语,这类动词常用的有:agree, begin, choose, dare, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, love, need, offer, prefer, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want, wish, would like等等。例如:
I hope to see her soon. 我希望很快见到她。
She wants to go to university some day. 她想有朝一日去上大学。
He began to read and write after lunch. 午饭后,他开始读书写字。(当一个以上的不定式连用时,后面的不定式往往省略to。)
We found it impossible to cross the river. 我们发现无法过河。(本句中的it是形式宾语,不定式短语to cross the river是真正的宾语。)
⑷ 用作宾语补足语:不定式作宾语补足语时有两种情况:
① 在大多数复宾及物动词后,要用带to的不定式,这类及物动词常用的有:allow, ask, beg, enable, encourage, expect, find, get, hate, help, invite, like, order, prefer, tell, wait for, want, warn, wish, would like等等。例如:
They asked him to sing a pop song at the party. 他们请他在晚会上唱了一首流行歌曲。
She wants her brother to go to university. 她想要他的兄弟去上大学。
We are waiting for the doctor to come. 我们正在等医生来。
② 在表示五官感觉、致使等意义的动词后,要用不带to的不定式,这类动词有:feel, hear, notice, see, watch; have, let, make等。help有时也可用不带to的不定式。例如:
They heard him sing a song in the meeting room. 他们听见他在会议室唱了一首歌。
The boy saw two men enter the house. 那个孩子看见两个人进了那座房子。
The young man made the old machine start working. 那个年轻人使那台旧机器开动了。
The teachers helped the students (to) learn English well. 老师帮助学生学好英语。
本类动词在变成被动语态时,原句中作宾补的不定式前要加上to,同时原来的宾补就变成了主语补足语。例如:
Two men were seen to enter the house. 有人看见两个人进了那座房子。
The old machine was made to start working by the young man. 那台旧机器被那个年轻人开动了。
⑸ 用作定语:不定式可以像形容词一样用来修饰名词,但是它必须后置。例如:
He is always the first (person) to come to the office. 他总是第一个到办公室(的人)。
The teacher will have something important to tell us. 老师将会有重要的事情告诉我们。
He is not a man to talk with. 他不是一个可以与之交谈的人。(本句末尾的介词with不可遗忘。)
We must first find something for him to eat. 我们必须先给他找点吃的来。(本句中的for him为不定式to eat的逻辑主语。)
⑹ 用作状语:不定式用作状语时一定要带to,可以表示多种语义,如目的、结果、程度、原因等。
① 用作目的状语,例如:
He came to borrow my dictionary. 他是来借我的词典的。
They went on foot, so as not to be heard.
In order not to be heard, they went on foot.
他们步行前往,以免被人听见。
so as to, in order to意思都是“以便,为的是”,它们都可以用在句中,但是在句首要用in order to。另外,以上后两句例句中用了否定式,意思是“以免,免得”。
② 用作结果状语,例如:
He hurried to the house, only to find it empty. 他匆忙赶到那屋子,发现已经空无一人。
She left home, never to return again. 她离开了家再也没有回来。
He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked. 他是那样傻,竟然没锁车。
③ 用作程度状语,例如:
She is old enough to travel all by herself. 她已经到了可以独自旅行的年龄了。
She is too young to swim across the big river. 她年纪太小,不能游过这条大河。
④ 用作原因状语,例如:
We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这消息我们高兴得跳了起来。
She wept to find them deep in debt. 她因发现他们负债累累而流泪。
I am very pleased to meet you. 我很高兴见到你。
3 不定式使用中的几个问题
⑴ 不定式前可以带what, when等疑问词(why除外),构成“疑问词+to do”短语,可以用作主语、表语、宾语等成分。例如:
How to get there is a question. 怎样去那里是一个问题。(主语)
The problem is which to choose. 问题是选择哪一个。(表语)
He didn’t tell us when to set out. 他没有告诉我们何时动身。(宾语)
⑵ 不定式的否定形式是在符号to的前面加否定词not,例如:
The head of the group told them not to stay too long. 队长吩咐他们不要在那里呆太久。
We’ve decided not to buy the house there. 我们决定不买那里的房子。
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分词
1 分词的形式
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+-ing”构成(如:ask → asking, study → studying, live → living, stop → stopping)。现在分词短语具有形容词和副词的作用,在句中可用作多种句子成分。过去分词的构成有两种:规则的变化由“动词原形+-ed”构成(如:ask → asked, live → lived, study → studied, stop → stopped),不规则的变化请参见教材中的《不规则动词表》。
2 分词的基本用法
⑴ 用作定语:如果是单词,则为前置定语,现在分词表示正在进行的行为,过去分词表示性质或行为所造成的结果状态;如果是短语,则为后置定语,其作用相当于定语从句,现在分词表示一个正在进行的主动行为,过去分词则表示被动的行为。例如:
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 一个正在睡觉的孩子
the rising sun = the sun that is rising 正在升起的太阳
He is a young man with pleasing manner. 他是一个举止讨人喜欢的年轻人。
The room was full of people waiting for the headmaster. 房间里挤满了等候校长的人们。
We need more trained nurses. 我们需要更多的受过训练的护士。
Things seen from behind seem a little different. 从背后看到的东西显得稍有不同。
⑵ 用作表语:分词用作表语时,已经完全形容词化了,可以被very, rather等副词修饰,而且可以有比较等级。例如:
The story of his life sounds (very) interesting. 他的生平故事听起来很有趣。
That was the most exciting film of the year. 那是一年中最激动人心的电影。
请比较:
This cup is broken. How about that one? 这只杯子是破的,那只怎么样?(系表结构)
The cup was broken by my brother. 杯子被我弟弟打破了。 (被动语态)
⑶ 用作宾语补足语:分词作宾语补足语时,用于表示感觉、致使的动词,如:see, watch, hear, feel, smell, notice, find; have, get, leave, keep等。例如:
I saw him talking with the doctor. 我看见他在跟医生讲话。
He kept the machine running for ten hours. 他使得机器一直转了10个小时。
We have never seen the mountain covered in snow. 我们从未见那座山被雪覆盖过。
请比较:
I saw the old man crossing the street. 我看见那个老人在过街。 (表示动作正在进行)
I saw the old man cross the street. 我看见那个老人过街的。 (表示动作已发生过)
⑷ 用作状语:分词用作状语,具有多种语义。例如:
Hearing / When hearing a noise, they stopped talking. (= When they heard….) 听到喧闹声,他们便停止了谈话。 (时间状语)
She sat there reading a newspaper. (= … and read a newspaper.) 她坐在那里看报纸。 (伴随状况状语)
Deeply moved, she couldn’t say a word. (= As she was deeply moved….) 她深受感动,一句话也说不出来。 (原因状语)
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动名词
1 动名词的形式
动名词的形式跟现在分词一样,由“动词原形+-ing”构成,例如:do → doing, study → studying, close → closing, stop → stopping。注意加-ing的不同情况。
2 动名词的用法
动名词或动名词短语具有名词的功能,在句中可用作多种名词性成分。
⑴ 用作主语:跟不定式一样,动名词作主语时常位于句末,而在其原来的位置用it作形式主语。例如:
Saying so much is useless.
It is useless saying so much.
说这么多没有用处。
Swimming in the sea is his favourite sport.
It is his favourite sport swimming in the sea.
在大海里游泳是他最喜爱的运动。
⑵ 用作表语:动名词用作表语表示主语是什么,而不是主语的性质或特征如何。例如:
My greatest pleasure is traveling. 我最大的乐趣就是旅游。
One of his bad habits is biting nails. 他的一个坏习惯是咬手指甲。
⑶ 用作动词宾语:只能接动名词而不能接不定式作宾语的动词有:enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, practise, stop, suggest等等。例如:
She enjoys going to the cinema. 她喜爱看电影。
He keeps making the same mistakes. 他老是犯同样的错误。
I suggest leaving now. (= … that we leave now.) 我建议(我们)现在就离开。
⑷ 用作介词宾语:与介词一起用作状语等,也可用在部分形容词后。例如:
After finishing my work, I took a short rest. 干完活后,我休息了一小会儿。
They drove into town without talking to each other. 他们开车进城,一路上彼此默默无言。
All the students are sure of passing the examination. 所有的学生都自信能通过考试。
⑸ 用作定语:动名词作定语时不带附加成分,通常前置,表示该名词所表示的事物的用途。如果用“for+动名词”,则应后置。例如:
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池
a teaching building = a building for teaching 教学楼
另请比较:
the working conditions = the conditions for working 工作条件 (动名词)
the working people = the people who are working 劳动人民 (现在分词)
3 动名词作宾语和不定式作宾语的比较
有些及物动词后面既可以接动名词作宾语,又可以接不定式作宾语,其中不少动词还会引起意思上的变化。
⑴ begin, start等:
在begin, start, hate, like, love, prefer等动词后,用动名词或不定式作宾语,意思上几乎没有什么区别。例如:
The teacher said, “You begin writing now,” and the children began to write. 老师说,“你们现在就开始写吧。”于是孩子们就开始写了。
Will you start reading / to read? 你开始读好吗?
So you prefer living / to live abroad? 所以你宁愿住在国外是吗?
有时,like后接动名词时,表示经常性的爱好;后接不定式时,表示一次性的或独特的爱好。例如:
I like traveling and, especially, to travel with friends. 我喜欢旅行,特别是和朋友们一起旅行。
He doesn’t like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed. 他不喜欢读书,但是他喜欢在床上看报。
⑵ forget, remember等:
在forget, remember后,用动名词作宾语表示已做过的事情,用不定式表示要去做的事情。例如:
I remember posting the letter. 我记得把信寄走了。
Remember to post the letter. 别忘了把信寄走。
I will never forget seeing him for the first time. 我永远不会忘记首次见到他的情景。
He forgot which way to go. 他忘了该走哪一条道。
⑶ stop, go on等:
在stop, go on后,用动名词作宾语表示“(停止或继续)做同一件事”,用不定式表示“(停下来或接下去)做另一件事”。例如:
They stopped talking. 他们停止了谈话。
They stopped to talk. 他们(停止原来做的事)开始谈话。
The teacher asked us to go on reading. 老师要我们继续读书。
The teacher asked us to go on to read. 老师要我们接下去读书。
⑷ need, want等:
在need, want后,用动名词作宾语具有被动意义,和用被动态的不定式在意义上一样。例如:
This room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 这间房间需要打扫。
The old watch wants repairing / to be repaired. 这块旧表需要修理。